![]() The depth electrodes were inserted most often orthogonally (laterally) with the usual targets of mesial temporal and mesial frontal regions, and deep, extratemporal regions. The approach was based on traditional anatomical data, i.e., ventriculography and catheter angiography. The original SEEG technique consisted of a multiphase and complex method, using the Talairach stereotactic frame and the double grid system, while patients were under general anesthesia. Thereafter, it has been used in France, Italy, and Canada for invasive evaluation of patients with refractory focal epilepsy. The SEEG method was popularized in France during the 1950s. The term “ stereoelectroencephalography” (SEEG) is referred to by Bancaud and Talairach, who have made extensive use of intracranial recording with stereotactically implanted electrodes. We highlight the indication and efficacy, advantages and disadvantages of SEEG compared with SDEEG. We review the SEEG method with technological advances for planning and implantation of electrodes. Furthermore, SEEG is applicable as a therapeutic alternative for deep-seated lesions, e.g., nodular heterotopia, in nonoperative epilepsies using SEEG-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation. The removal of electrodes for SEEG was much simpler than for SDEEG and allowed sufficient time for data analysis, discussion, and consensus for both patients and physicians before the proceeding treatment. The complications of SEEG were significantly less than those of SDEEG. A recent meta-analysis of the safety of SEEG concluded the low value of the pooled prevalence for all complications. Technological advances including acquisition of three-dimensional angiography and magnetic resonance image (MRI) in frameless conditions, advanced multimodal planning, and robot-assisted implantation have contributed to the accuracy and safety of electrode implantation in a simplified fashion. A hybrid technique of SEEG and subdural strip electrode placement has been reported to overcome the SEEG limitations of poor functional mapping. SEEG can cover extensive areas of bilateral hemispheres with highly accurate sampling from sulcal areas and deep brain structures. Certain clinical scenarios favor SEEG over subdural EEG (SDEEG). Modern neuroimaging studies and digital video-EEG have developed the hypothesis aiming at more precise localization of the epileptic network. Localization of the epileptogenic zone in SEEG relied on the hypothesis of anatomo-electro-clinical analysis limited by X-ray, analog electroencephalography (EEG), and seizure semiology in the 1950s. Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a method for invasive study of patients with refractory epilepsy.
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